From Apple to Hospitals: Understanding Organizational Behavior in Real Life
Organizational Behavior (OB) menjelaskan bahwa organisasi bukan hanya soal struktur dan SOP, tetapi juga tentang bagaimana manusia menggunakan power, membangun team, berkomunikasi, dan menghadapi conflict. Teori-teori OB menjadi lebih mudah dipahami ketika dilihat melalui kasus nyata seperti konflik Steve Jobs dan John Sculley di Apple Inc., lalu dikaitkan dengan dinamika di rumah sakit dan industri kesehatan.
The Core Mindmap
Capital → Creates Power Power → Shapes Communication & Decision Making Communication → Influences Team Dynamics Different Interests → Create Conflict Conflict Management → Determines Team Performance
Semua konsep ini saling terhubung di dalam organizational field.
1. Capital and Power
Theory
Menurut Pierre Bourdieu, individu membawa berbagai bentuk capital ke dalam organisasi. Capital adalah sumber daya yang memberi seseorang advantage dalam suatu field.
| Capital | Meaning | Small Example |
|---|---|---|
| Economic Capital | Financial resources | Finance controls budgeting |
| Cultural Capital | Knowledge & expertise | Senior surgeon expertise |
| Social Capital | Network & relationships | Director close to regulators |
| Symbolic Capital | Prestige & reputation | Famous specialist doctor |
Capital kemudian berubah menjadi power, yaitu kemampuan memengaruhi orang lain.
Apple Case
| Aspect | Steve Jobs | John Sculley |
|---|---|---|
| Dominant Capital | Cultural & symbolic capital | Economic & structural capital |
| Main Strength | Innovation, charisma, founder image | CEO authority, board support, governance |
| Type of Power | Referent & expert power | Legitimate & economic power |
| Organizational Position | Visionary leader | Formal organizational leader |
| Support Base | Creative teams and innovators | Executives and board members |
| Short-Term Outcome | Lost organizational control | Won structural power within Apple |
| Long-Term Outcome | Became Apple’s symbolic icon | Less remembered in Apple’s legacy |
Healthcare Relevance
Di rumah sakit, konflik sering muncul karena tiap profesi memiliki capital berbeda.
| Role | Dominant Capital | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Doctor | Cultural & symbolic | Clinical authority |
| Finance | Economic | Budget approval |
| IT | Expert power | HIS knowledge |
| Director | Legitimate power | Final decisions |
Karena itu, keputusan organisasi sering menjadi arena power negotiation.
2. Team Dynamics
Theory
Menurut Bruce Tuckman, team berkembang melalui beberapa fase.
| Stage | Meaning | Small Example |
|---|---|---|
| Forming | Adaptation phase | New HIS project team |
| Storming | Conflict phase | IT vs user arguments |
| Norming | Shared norms emerge | Workflow agreement |
| Performing | High collaboration | Smooth implementation |
| Adjourning | Project closure | Post go-live evaluation |
Teori ini menunjukkan bahwa conflict bukan tanda gagal, tetapi bagian alami dari perkembangan team.
Apple Case
| Aspect | Steve Jobs | John Sculley |
|---|---|---|
| Main Focus | Innovation-first | Business stability |
| Leadership Style | Visionary, aggressive, product-oriented | Corporate, structured, managerial |
| Organizational Goal | Push breakthrough innovation | Maintain growth and governance |
| Source of Conflict | Strong idealism and perfectionism | Focus on operational control |
| Type of Conflict | Power and vision conflict | Strategic direction conflict |
| Organizational Impact | Created internal tension during storming phase | Increased political and structural division |
Healthcare Relevance
Dalam implementasi HIS:
- IT fokus standardization,
- dokter fokus workflow,
- finance fokus efficiency.
Jika tidak ada shared understanding:
Team berubah menjadi sekadar group.
3. Communication
Theory
Menurut Umberto Eco:
Communication is the process of constructing meaning.
Artinya:
- pesan tidak selalu diterima sesuai maksud pengirim.
| Process | Meaning | Small Example |
|---|---|---|
| Encoding | Menyusun pesan | IT membuat memo maintenance |
| Channel | Media komunikasi | Email/meeting |
| Decoding | Interpretasi penerima | User menganggap system error |
| Feedback | Respon penerima | Complaint/escalation |
Apple Case
| Aspect | Steve Jobs | John Sculley |
|---|---|---|
| Communication Style | Intense, direct, highly assertive | Corporate, structured, political |
| Strength | Inspiring and visionary communication | Stable and managerial communication |
| Impact on Employees | Motivated innovation and creativity | Built organizational control and stability |
| Weakness | Created fear, pressure, and emotional tension | Considered less visionary and product-driven |
| Leadership Focus | Product innovation and perfection | Business growth and governance |
| Conflict Approach | Aggressive and confrontational | Strategic and board-oriented |
Healthcare Relevance
Dalam rumah sakit:
- istilah teknis IT,
- bahasa klinis dokter,
- bahasa finansial manajemen,
sering menciptakan communication gap.
Contoh:
“System maintenance” bagi IT berarti normal.
Bagi user klinis bisa berarti “pelayanan terganggu”.
4. Active Listening
Theory
Active listening berarti mendengarkan untuk memahami, bukan sekadar menjawab.
| Stage | Meaning | Small Example |
|---|---|---|
| Sensing | Mendengar verbal/nonverbal | Nada frustrasi user |
| Interpreting | Memahami makna | User kesulitan workflow |
| Evaluating | Menilai informasi | Identifikasi root cause |
| Responding | Memberi feedback | Klarifikasi solusi |
Apple Case
Konflik Jobs dan Sculley menunjukkan:
Dua leader yang sama-sama kuat, tetapi gagal membangun collaborative listening.
Mereka terlalu fokus mempertahankan posisi dan visi masing-masing.
Healthcare Relevance
Banyak konflik HIS sebenarnya bukan masalah teknis, tetapi:
- user merasa tidak didengar,
- IT merasa disalahkan,
- manajemen fokus deadline.
Active listening menjadi critical skill dalam healthcare leadership.
5. Conflict Management
Theory
Model Kenneth Thomas dan Ralph Kilmann menjelaskan 5 gaya conflict handling.
| Mode | Focus | Small Example |
|---|---|---|
| Competing | Winning | Emergency downtime decision |
| Collaborating | Win-win | IT & doctor redesign workflow |
| Compromising | Middle ground | Feature released bertahap |
| Accommodating | Maintaining relationship | Mengalah demi tim |
| Avoiding | Delaying conflict | Menunggu emosi reda |
Apple Case
Steve Jobs sangat dominan pada:
Competing
Ia sangat assertive dan mendorong perfectionism.
Namun organisasi modern sering membutuhkan:
Collaborating
karena innovation tanpa alignment dapat menciptakan organizational instability.
Healthcare Relevance
Dalam rumah sakit:
- competing diperlukan saat emergency,
- collaborating penting dalam patient safety,
- compromising sering terjadi dalam budgeting,
- avoiding sering memperburuk masalah lintas divisi.
6. Connecting All Concepts
Semua teori di atas sebenarnya saling berhubungan.
| Concept | Connection |
|---|---|
| Capital | Menentukan posisi influence |
| Power | Memengaruhi keputusan |
| Communication | Menentukan mutual understanding |
| Team | Membutuhkan trust & shared goals |
| Conflict | Muncul karena perbedaan interest |
| Leadership | Mengelola seluruh dinamika |
Final Reflection
Kasus Apple menunjukkan bahwa organisasi bukan hanya tentang siapa yang paling pintar atau paling visioner, melainkan tentang bagaimana power, communication, teamwork, dan conflict saling memengaruhi secara terus-menerus di dalam sebuah sistem organisasi. Konflik antara Steve Jobs dan John Sculley memperlihatkan bahwa perbedaan visi, gaya kepemimpinan, dan bentuk power dapat menentukan arah masa depan organisasi. Dinamika yang sama juga terjadi di rumah sakit modern, terutama dalam proses digital transformation, implementasi system, maupun perubahan organisasi yang melibatkan banyak profesi dan kepentingan berbeda. Keberhasilan organisasi kesehatan tidak hanya bergantung pada teknologi dan strategi, tetapi juga pada kemampuan individu dan tim untuk mendengarkan, berkolaborasi, mengelola conflict, serta memahami berbagai bentuk power yang ada di dalam organisasi. Pada akhirnya, organizational success is not only built by systems and strategy, but by how people interact inside the system.
Main References
- 1. Organisational Behaviour: Core Concepts and Applications
Jack Wood, Retha Wiesner, Rachel Morrison, et al. Organisational Behaviour: Core Concepts and Applications. 5th ed. Milton, QLD: John Wiley & Sons Australia, 2021.
2. Fundamentals of Human Resource Management
Susan L. Verhulst & David A. DeCenzo. Fundamentals of Human Resource Management. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2022.
3. Outline of a Theory of Practice
Pierre Bourdieu. Outline of a Theory of Practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977.
4. Steve Jobs
Walter Isaacson. Steve Jobs. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2011.
5. Thomas-Kilmann Conflict Mode Instrument
Kenneth W. Thomas & Ralph H. Kilmann. Thomas-Kilmann Conflict Mode Instrument. Mountain View, CA: CPP Inc., 1974.
Discussion
Join the conversation with other readers.